Planting Density and Row Orientation Effects on Soybean Canopy Physiology and Yield

Abstract

Optimizing planting configuration is crucial for maximizing light interception and productivity in soybean. This study evaluated three planting densities (150,000; 300,000; 450,000 plants/ha) and two row orientations (north-south and east-west) across two growing seasons. Photosynthetic rates, leaf area index, and radiation use efficiency were measured.
East-west rows at medium density achieved the best balance of canopy aeration, light penetration, and yield, with a 19% increase compared to conventional layouts. Higher densities reduced lower canopy efficiency, while sparse planting limited biomass accumulation. The research provides practical insights for climate-smart soybean cultivation.