Evolution of Common Surgical Procedures: A Comprehensive Review from Past to Present

Abstract

Surgery has undergone a remarkable transformation from rudimentary operative techniques to highly advanced, technology-driven procedures that define modern clinical practice. This comprehensive review explores the historical evolution of common surgical procedures, tracing major milestones that have shaped contemporary surgery. The shift from open to minimally invasive and robotic-assisted techniques has significantly reduced patient morbidity, enhanced recovery, and improved outcomes. Developments in anesthesia, asepsis, and perioperative care have further revolutionized surgical safety and precision. The review also examines innovations in surgical oncology, trauma management, transplantation, and reconstructive procedures, alongside the integration of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and telemedicine. Additionally, the role of simulation-based education and personalized approaches in shaping the next generation of surgeons is discussed. By bridging historical insights with modern advancements, this review underscores the continuous pursuit of excellence that defines surgical evolution and its impact on patient-centered care.